Basic Civil Engineering
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| Basic Civil Engineering |
Preference
All engineering students should know basic civil engineering since they need interaction with civil
engineers in their routine works. Hence all important aspects of civil engineering are taught as
elements of civil engineering in all over the world. It covers entire syllabus on Basic Civil
Engineering. The author has tried to make it students friendly by providing neat sketches and
illustrations with practical problems, wherever necessary. Author hopes that students and faculty
will receive this book whole-heartedly. Corrections, if any and suggestions for improvement are
welcome.
CONTENTS
UNIT - I: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1–70
1 TRADITIONAL MATERIALS 3–32
1.1 Stones 3
1.2 Bricks 11
1.3 Lime 16
1.4 Cement 18
1.5 Timber 23
Questions 31
2 MORTARS 33–38
2.1 Sand 33
2.2 Cement Mortar 34
2.3 Lime Mortar 35
2.4 Mud Mortar 36
2.5 Special Mortar 37
2.6 Tests on Mortar 37
Questions 38
3 CONCRETE 39–54
3.1 Plain Concrete 39
3.2 Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) 49
3.3 Reinforced Brick Concrete (RBC) 50
3.4 Prestressed Concrete (PSC) 50
3.5 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 51
3.6 Cellular Concrete 52
3.7 Ferro-Cement 52
Questions 53
4 METALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS 55–58
4.1 Ferrous Metals 55
4.2 Aluminium 57
4.3. Copper 58
Questions 58
5 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING MATERIALS 59–69
5.1 Glass 59
5.2 Plastics 60
5.3 Bitumen 62
5.4 Asbestos 62
5.5 Paints 63
5.6 Distempers 65
5.7 Varnishes 65
5.8 Solid and Hollow Concrete Blocks 66
5.9 Roofing and Flooring Tiles 67
Questions 68
UNIT - II: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 71–136
6 BUILDING PLANNING 73–81
6.1 Elements of a Building 73
6.2 Basic Requirements of a Building 76
6.3 Planning 77
6.4 Planning Suitable Orientation 77
6.5 Planning for Energy Efficiency 78
6.6 Planning for Suitable Utility 78
6.7 Planning for Meeting Other Requirements 79
Questions 81
7 FOUNDATIONS 82–91
7.1 Dimensions of Foundation 82
7.2 Conventional Spread Footings 83
7.3 R.C.C. Footings 84
7.4 Grillage Footing 86
7.5 Arch Foundation 87
7.6 Pile Foundations 87
7.7 Foundations in Black Cotton Soil 89
Questions 91
8 SUPER STRUCTURES 92–127
8.1 Types of Super Structures Based on the Method of Load Transfer 92
8.2 Walls 93
8.3 Stone Masonry 94
8.4 Brick Masonry 97
8.5 Plastering 100
8.6 Pointing 101
8.7 Flooring 101
8.8 Roof 105
8.9 Doors and Windows 113
8.10 Lintels 122
8.11 Stairs 123
Questions 126
9 DAMPNESS AND ITS PREVENTION 128–132
9.1 Causes of Dampness 128
9.2 Ill-Effects of Dampness 129
9.3 Requirements of an Ideal Material for Damp Proofing 129
9.4 Materials for Damp Proofing 130
9.5 Methods of Damp Proofing 130
Questions 132
10 COST EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 133–135
IN MASS HOUSING SCHEMES
10.1 Minimum Standards 133
10.2 Approach to Cost Effective Mass Housing Schemes 134
10.3 Cost Effective Construction Techniques 135
Questions 135
UNIT - III: SURVEYING 137–236
11 INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 139–148
11.1 Object and Uses of Surveying 139
11.2 Primary Divisions in Surveying 140
11.3 Fundamental Principles of Surveying 141
11.4 Classification of Surveying 142
11.5 Plans and Maps 143
11.6 Scales 144
11.7 Types of Graphical Scales 145
11.8 Units of Measurements 148
Questions 148
12 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND CHAIN SURVEYING 149–175
12.1 Methods of Linear Measurements 149
12.2 Instruments used in Chaining 154
12.3 Chain Surveying 156
12.4 Ranging 162
12.5 Obstacles in Chaining 163
12.6 Errors in Chaining 167
12.7 Tape Corrections 168
12.8 Conventional Symbols 173
Questions 175
13 COMPASS SURVEYING 176–194
13.1 Types of Compass 176
13.2 Method of Using a Compass 180
13.3 Bearing 180
13.4 Whole Circle Bearing and Reduced Bearing 180
13.5 Computation of Angles 182
13.6 Declination and DIP 184
13.7 Local Attraction 187
13.8 Chain and Compass Surveying Field Work 190
Questions 193
14 PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 195–208
14.1 Plane Table and its Accessories 195
14.2 Working Operations 198
14.3 Methods of Plane Tabling 199
14.4 Errors in Plane Table Surveying 206
14.5 Advantages and Limitations of Plane Table Survey 207
Questions 207
15 LEVEL AND LEVELLING 209–225
15.1 Object and Uses of Levelling 209
15.2 Terms Used in Levelling 209
15.3 Levelling Instruments 211
15.4 Levelling Staff 213
15.5 Methods of Levelling 214
15.6 Terms Used in Direct Method of Levelling 215
15.7 Temporary Adjustments of a Level 216
15.8 Types of Direct Levelling 217
Questions 225
16 MODERN TOOLS OF SURVEYING 226–236
16.1 Theodolite 226
16.2 Electromagnetic Distance Measuring Instruments 231
16.3 Total Station 233
16.4 Global Positioning System 235
Questions 236
UNIT - IV: MAPPING AND SENSING 237–268
17 MAPPING AND CONTOURING 239–246
17.1 Mapping 239
17.2 Contours 241
17.3 Methods of Contouring 243
Drawing Contours 246
Questions 246
18 AREAS AND VOLUMES 247–265
18.1 Computation of Areas from Field Notes 247
18.2 Computing Areas from Maps 252
18.3 Computation of Volumes 256
Questions 264
19 REMOTE SENSING AND ITS APPLICATIONS 266–268
19.1 Remote sensing 266
19.2 Geographical Information System (GIS) 267
Questions 268
UNIT - V: DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDING 269–287
20 DISASTER RESISTANT BUILDINGS 271–281
20.1 Earthquakes Resistant Buildings 271
20.2 Types of Earthquakes 271
20.3 Terminology 272
20.4 Magnitude and Intensity 273
20.5 Seismograph 273
20.6 I.S: Codes on Earthquake Resistant Building Design 274
20.7 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Small Buildings 274
20.8 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Tall Buildings 276
20.9 Cyclone Resistant Buildings 278
20.10 Fire Resistant Building 279
Questions 281
21 DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING 282–285
21.1 Disaster Prevention Strategy 282
21.2 Early Warning System 283
21.3 Disaster Preparedness 283
21.4 Disaster Mitigation 284
21.5 Disaster Rescue and Relief Measures 284
21.6 Disaster Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 285
Questions 285
22 INDIAN STANDARD CODES 286–287
22.1 IS Codes for Building Design 286
22.2 IS Codes for Building Materials and Construction 287
Questions 287
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